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kandianus, details about the species’ natural history, habitat associations, behaviour and population status are limited.
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The species’ molecular phylogeny, bioacoustics, osteology, and larval and adult morphology have been studied (Meegaskumbura et al., Reference Meegaskumbura, Senevirathne, Wijayathilaka, Jayawardena, Bandara, Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda2015a, Reference Meegaskumbura, Wijayathilaka, Abayalath and Senevirathneb). Currently, this species is known from only two localities in the Central Highlands (> 1,400 m Gabadage et al., Reference Gabadage, De Silva, Botejue, Bahir, Surasinghe and Madawala2014) and it is categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List (IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 2012). The latter was considered to be extinct for 136 years (Stuart et al., Reference Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani and Young2008) until its rediscovery at Peak Wilderness Sanctuary in 2012 (Wickramasinghe et al., Reference Wickramasinghe, Vidanapathirana and Wickramasinghe2012). kandianus (Meegaskumbura et al., Reference Meegaskumbura, Senevirathne, Wijayathilaka, Jayawardena, Bandara, Manamendra-Arachchi and Pethiyagoda2015a). kelaartii and the Kandian torrent toad A. The stream-dwelling toad genus Adenomus contains two species, Kelaart's torrent toad A. These anthropogenic stressors have contributed to the extinction of 18 amphibian species, and declining populations of nearly half of the extant species (MOE, 2012). Sri Lanka's amphibians are threatened by deforestation, environmental pollution and road traffic (Pethiyagoda et al., Reference Pethiyagoda, Manamendra-Arachchi, Bahir, Meegaskumbura and Bambaradeniya2006 Karunarathna et al., Reference Karunarathna, Henkanaththegedara, Amarasinghe and De Silva2013). 87%) are endemic and > 90% are restricted to rainforests (Surasinghe, Reference Surasinghe2009 Wickramasinghe et al., Reference Wickramasinghe, Bandara, Vidanapathirana, Tennakoon, Samarakoon and Wickramasinghe2015). Of the country's 119 described amphibian species 104 (c. The South Asian tropical island of Sri Lanka is rich in amphibian diversity (Meegaskumbura et al., Reference Meegaskumbura, Bossuyt, Pethiyagoda, Manamendra-Arachchi, Bahir, Milinkovitch and Schneider2002). Our findings provide useful insights into ecological research on and conservation of range-restricted aquatic amphibians.
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Conservation and management actions such as ex-situ breeding, population monitoring, and restoration of degraded habitats could also contribute towards the persistence of this toad. We recommend re-delineation of the boundary of Pidurutalagala Conservation Forest to incorporate the toad's habitat into the core of the reserve and thus limit the impacts of human activities. Anthropogenic activities such as intensive crop farming deterred the species proximity to croplands had a negative influence on abundance. We noted size-based reversed sexual dimorphism and a strong ontogenetic relationship between snout–vent length and body weight. The species preferred moderately sized montane streams with rocky substrates and woody debris, colder temperatures, and closed-canopy, intact riparian forests. Behaviour and microhabitat selection varied depending on sex and stage of maturity. We recorded a mean of 44.25 post-metamorphs per year, with a density of < 1 individual per 100 m 2, with occurrence within a narrow extent (c.
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kandianus in and around Pidurutalagala Conservation Forest. We conducted a 4-year study using transect surveys and opportunistic excursions to assess habitat associations, demographics and abundance of A. The species is now known from two localities in tropical montane forests. The endemic, stream-dwelling Kandian torrent toad Adenomus kandianus is Critically Endangered and was considered to be extinct until its rediscovery in 2012. The tropical island nation of Sri Lanka is a biodiversity hotspot with a high diversity and endemism of amphibians.